![]() Twenty-four-hour urine test: A test in which urine is collected for 24 hours to measure the amounts of certain substances.An unusual (higher or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease. Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a blood sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain substances, such as calcium or albumin, released into the blood by organs and tissues in the body.The portion of the blood sample made up of red blood cells.The amount of hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.The number and type of white blood cells.The number of red blood cells and platelets.The following tests may be done on the sample of tissue removed during the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: Samples of blood, bone, and bone marrow are removed for examination under a microscope. ![]() After a small area of skin is numbed, a bone marrow needle is inserted into the patient’s hip bone. A pathologist views the bone marrow, blood, and bone under a microscope to look for abnormal cells.Įnlarge Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of bone marrow, blood, and a small piece of bone by inserting a hollow needle into the hipbone or breastbone.A higher-than-normal amount of these substances can be a sign of disease. ![]() For multiple myeloma, beta-2-microglobulin, M protein, free light chains, and other proteins made by the myeloma cells are measured. Blood and urine immunoglobulin studies: A procedure in which a blood or urine sample is checked to measure the amounts of certain antibodies (immunoglobulins).A history of the patient’s health habits and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken. Physical exam and health history: An exam of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such as lumps or anything else that seems unusual.In this type of plasma cell neoplasm, the abnormal plasma cells ( myeloma cells) are in one place and form one tumor, called a plasmacytoma. MGUS can also become cancer, such as multiple myeloma, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In some patients, MGUS may later become a more serious condition, such as amyloidosis, or cause problems with the kidneys, heart, or nerves. In most patients, the amount of M protein stays the same and there are no signs, symptoms, or health problems. The abnormal plasma cells make M protein, which is sometimes found during a routine blood or urine test. In this type of plasma cell neoplasm, less than 10% of the bone marrow is made up of abnormal plasma cells and there is no cancer. Plasma cell neoplasms include the following: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) There are several types of plasma cell neoplasms. (See Adult Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment for more information.) The following types of plasma cell neoplasms are cancer: Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is not cancer but can become cancer. Plasma cell neoplasms can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). These antibody proteins build up in the bone marrow and can cause the blood to thicken or can damage the kidneys. The plasma cells also make an antibody protein, called M protein, that is not needed by the body and does not help fight infection. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which abnormal plasma cells or cells form tumors in the bones or soft tissues of the body. Multiple myeloma cells also damage and weaken the bone. This can cause the blood to thicken and keep the bone marrow from making enough healthy blood cells. As the number of multiple myeloma cells increases, more antibodies are made. Normal plasma cells make antibodies to help the body fight infection and disease. Multiple myeloma cells are abnormal plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) that build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in many bones of the body. The plasma cells make antibodies to fight bacteria and viruses, to stop infection and disease. ![]() Normally, when bacteria or viruses enter the body, some of the B cells will change into plasma cells. Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes (B cells), a type of white blood cell that is made in the bone marrow. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which the body makes too many plasma cells.
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